Ethical Constraints

Code of Practice
Code of practice is a set of written rules that explains how people that work in a particular enviroment for there profession should behave. It has a set of guidelines and regulations that should be followed by members of the job, trade, occupation and organizatoin, it normally doesnt not have the force of law.

There are many types of ethical isues that you can have when working in the creative media industry.

Ethical Issues

• Representation of age, gender, race, disability and religion. -
• Protecting under 18's.
• Using off the record information.
• Power to influence public opinion.
• interviewing vulnerable people or children.
• Intruding on indivividuals privacy.
• Anything that could cause offence or harm.

 Ethical Constraints

• Working Within accepted norms of society.
• What is right or wrong way to behave.

These two are both covered by self regulating industry Codes.

Ethical

There are many ethical constraints in radio that everyone in the radio industry needs to be aware of. This is so that any of the content in the show will not offend or upset anyone such as the audience of the radio station. The constraints can limit your production depending on the content because anything that can offend someone will have to be taken out and or changed. The target audience must be kept in mind because some things may not offend younger people but may with the older generation. The language on the show must be kept to a minimal as some people get offended really easily. When something is said on the radio and it does offend people, people will then ring and complain. When this happens the presenter or whoever has put it on the radio will be spoken to but if it was really bad and you’re got a lot of complaints they could even lose their job. You always have to treat your listeners with respect, as you always have to be polite and show them respect. Especially when you are on the phone to someone on the radio as you have to be polite to them and ask them not to swear. You have to make sure that the music that you put on your radio will suit your audience for the show, because sometimes this can also offend people because of some of the words in certain songs. Or play a wide variety of music so it will make everyone happy. You have to ensure that you are working within the accepted social norms when working in Radio.

Professional Behaviour

This is a list of personal behaviour you will need when in a working environment. All of these things will be expected of you when in in the work place this will make you stand out in the work place making you get better chances of promotions. It will also make you a more respected by your boss and staff that you work with. 

• Be Punctual: Always be on time for your job this will make you seem very reliable and trust worthy. If you are early for you job this will help you get work finished quicker and get noticed more by the manager and your boss. e.g. If you had a time that you needed to do an interview before a concert you would need to be there early so you can interview them before they go on the stage. If you were a photographer and you were doing a photo-shoot with high class celebrities you would need to make sure you are there early because people like that will not wait around for you and also if it is for a magazine you need to make sure you have the photos be a specific deadline and if you don’t have the photos and you can't organize another shoot you will have no photos for the magazine so they will not thing you are reliable and the magazine will have to find something quick to put in the page they saved for you and you would lose your job.
• Be Confident: Make sure you are confident in your job when talking to people or with the work that you have to do. E.g. If you are collecting data for a survey you will need to be confident when asking people if they will fill the survey out. Also if you worked in radio you would need to be confident on the radio when speaking to listeners so they like you more and listen to the show more, also if you are interviewing someone for the radio show you must make sure that you are confident when speaking to them.
• Have Respect: Have respect for everyone you work with, this will always be good for you. This will get you promotions and respect off other workers such as your manager/boss. This will be how they will begin to like you and there will be more work available for you. You also need to make sure you have respect for customers as well. If you don't have any respect for them there will be no chance that they will by your product off you or fill in your survey that you have asked them to do. If you do not treat your customers with respect they could complain about you to the company that you may work for and this may lead to you losing you job. Finally also have respect for other workers, they are or were in the exact same position as you are and if they are higher than you in the work place they would of probably worked their way there by having respect for people. Having respect for them will also make them have it back for you this will help you get on more in the workplace. 
• Present Yourself Well: It is important that you present yourself well in the workplace. E.g. If you were trying to get vox pops with people in the local town and you needed to record them there and then you would need to look presentable and approachable. Make sure you are clean and well-dressed because you will approach these people to ask them questions. They might feel uncomfortable if you are not well presented because they will not come up to you if you don't look very nice. If you don't get the vox pops or the number of vox pops you have been asked for this may result in you losing your job. 
• Communication Skills: Having good communication skills will be very good in the workplace as it will get you noticed by people. E.g. you work on the radio it is very important to have good communication skills as you might need to talk on the phone to listeners, your co-presenter or even just on the mic to listeners. Another job that involves having good communication skills would be being on the street collecting surveys and vox pops for your company or radio show. It will be also good with your boss as you will be confident with your speaking which will get your noticed more by your boss. 
• Time Management: This will also link in with being punctual. It is very important that you have good time management so that you can meet deadlines and also be punctual for work. As I said in being punctual it is good to be early for work so that you can start work early and get more finished in the day. This may let you have more time off if you just stick to your work and get it finished early it will give you more time to do more work and get more money for finishing more work. You could have more free time to do what you want if you finish all the work you had to do.
• Motivation: It is important to have motivation in your work because you need to make sure you have motivation in the morning before you go to work, so make sure that your job is something that you enjoy doing so you are motivated to go in every day. So finally make sure you have a job you enjoy because if you don’t enjoy your job you will lack skills and start being lazy and not completing work which can make you lose your job.

Press Complaints Commission (PCC)

The press complaints commission or the PCC for short is a voluntary regulator body for the British news papers and magazines, consisting of representatives of the major publishers. The PCC is funded by the annual levy it charges the newspapers and magazines. It has no legal powers – all newspapers and magazines voluntarily contribute to the costs of, and adhere to the rulings of, the Commission, making the industry self-regulating.

Office of Communication (Ofcom)

Ofcom, short for the office of communication is the goverment approved regulatory and competition authority for the TV and postal industries of the UK.

Ofcom has a wide range of powers across many different media sectors such as TV, Radio, telecoms and postal. It has a duty to represent the intrests of the public and consumers by promoting competitions and protecting the public from what might be considered harmful or offencive.

Ofcom are the people at the end of the line when all else fails for other companys. e.g. If you created an advert and it went through the ASA and they thought it wasnt suitable for the public they can send it to ofcom and they can have a look at it and they can be the people that decide weather to fine you or not.

Advertising Standards Authority (ASA)

The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) is the self-regulatory organisation (SRO) of the advertising industry in the United Kingdom. The ASA is a non-statutory organisation and so cannot interpret or enforce legislation. However, its code of advertising practice broadly reflects legislation in many instances. The ASA is not funded by the British Government, but by a levy on the advertising industry.

Its role is to "regulate the content of advertisements, sales promotions and direct marketing in the UK" by investigating "complaints made about the advertisments and deciding whether the advertising complies with its advertising standards codes. These codes stipulate that "before distributing or submitting a marketing communication for publication, marketers must hold documentary evidence to prove all claims, whether direct or implied, that are capable of objective substantiation" and that "no marketing communication should mislead, or be likely to mislead, by inaccuracy, ambiguity, exaggeration, omission or otherwise".

Guy Parker has been Chief Executive of the ASA since June 2009. His salary for this role is £120,000

British Board Classification (BBFC)

The British Board of Film Classification (BBFC), originally British Board of Film Censors, is a non-governmental organisation, funded by the film industry and responsible for the national classification and censorship of films within the United Kingdom. It has a statutory requirement to classify videos, DVDs and some video games under the Video Recordings Act 2010.

Law in the Creative Media Sector

                         

Laws -

• Libal Law
• Obscenity Publication Law
• Official Secret Act
• Copy Right Law
• Human Rights act 1998 Privacy Law

Laws - Description - Example:

Libal Law
- If you publish or broadcast anything that is untrue and damaging towards someones reputation you can be sued for damages by the person. This law was created to protect individuals or organisations from unwarranted, mistaken or untruthful attacks on their reputation.
e.g.
- A group of Michael Jackson fans have created the CaliforniaAnti-Defamation Law petition in hopes of getting a law passed that would makeit illegal to slander the dead. Mary Brookins, 57, and half-a-dozen other Jacksonsupporters who met in an online Jacksonfan group, is upset by the negative coverage the "Thriller" singer hasreceived since his passing. The group is angered by articles that referrer to Jackson as"Wacko Jacko," suggest he was the victim of a self-inflicted drug overdose, or isguilty of child molestation charges for which he was tried and found not guiltyin 2005.
There are many reasons he has been given the name 'Wacko Jacko'.
http://metro.co.uk/2009/03/05/top-10-craziest-wacko-jacko-moments-509246/

Obscenity Publication Law
 - The Definition of this is content that is "likely and corrupt" Audience for which it is intended lawyers may need to check whether a production breaks this law before it is released. Content such as a sexually explicit, violent and/or drug taking is reviewed for suitability. Decisions are made dependend on factors such as age range of the audience, the time a production is broadcast.
e.g.
A Serbian Film. Banned in Spain, Norway and Brazil, A Serbian Film is arguably one of the most controversial films of all time. Contributing factors of the ban were scenes of child rape, incest and murder, among others. A Serbian Film received mixed reviews from critics; some of which condemned the film for it’s extreme sexual violence. The plot revolves around an aging porn star, who agrees to participate in one last film in order to make a clean break from the business, only to discover that he has been drafted into making a pedophilia themed snuff film, from which there is no escape.

Official Secrets Act
- It is a criminal offence to obtain or publish any infomation from a serving or former member of the security and intelligence service or from certain categories of civial servants or public contractors where that disclosure would be damaging.
e.g.
The News of the World's phone hacking scandal was one of the biggest issues that came up in the media industry. News of the world hacked into different victims phone messages to get infomation about the situations. This was first discovered in 2002 and carried on till the summer of 2011 until the news of the world published their last news paper and shut down. Milly Dowler was one of the victimd phone that was hacked. Her parents had left multiple voice mails on her phone and once the phone hackers realised her inbox was full so they deleted some of the messages so that they could get more infomation as more voice mails would come in. This lead to the parents believing that Milly Dowler was still alive as they thought she was the only one that could of deleted the messages.


Source:
https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=BZDL9DFQdBaKIM&tbnid=OhUDbhfvGHM35M:&ved=0CAQQjB0&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mi5.gov.uk%2Fhome%2Fthe-threats%2Fespionage%2Fespionage-and-the-law.html&ei=uEbwUuWeMbKg7AbE6YG4Dw&psig=AFQjCNHw515clIypzWsmSn0uqJs7ZuHyxw&ust=1391564853474677

Copy Right Law

This law exists to protect people's creative endeavours so that they can properly benefit from their work. If such protection didn't exist and people were able to copy or sell or profit from another's work, there would be little incentive for people to create in the first place. Programme-makers are responsible for ensuring that all necessary clearances (copyright, trademarks etc.) have been obtained for their programmes. This also jumps into the online piracy act, as it is illegal to download copyrighted music which is supposed to be bought for free. As the point of there being a price is that everyone must pay for music for example.

Source: 

http://www.quiksnaps.co.uk/copyright.html







Jobs In The Creative Sector

Media Industry

Film and TV Director 

Technical: Boom Operator / Sound Engineer

Boom operator is the person who is more on the technical side of film as they are the person that checks all the sound levels and they are also the person who operates all of the sound equipment such as the boom mic and also the lapel mics. He is responsible to make sure that all of the audio is reordered clearly so that the sound editor who is also part of the technical side of film to edit.

For people that work in the sound department of film have a salary of £15,000+ per year depending on what type of job they have in the audio part of film. They may not necessarily be on a contract because there hours are variable depending on the project they are working on. But some can be on a yearly contract if they work for a TV company such as the BBC because they have different shows being recording all of the time, so you will constantly have a team in the sound department working on a certain program e.g. Eastenders.

The skills required to be a boom orator or sound engineer are skills you require over time from practicing and doing work experience so over time you learn to specialize in production sound and post production this is recording the sound on set and putting the final soundtrack together in the editing studio. It will take a lot of concentration as you need to make sure you collect all of the sound you need and you need to have good editing skills to make sure that put all of the sound clips together correctly.

The progression routes would be start in college by studying media and film, when in college find people that are interested in creating film and start making short films. Have a team where you have a person for each job such as director, camera operator, sound engineer and editor. After gaining experience with your friends apply for work experience placements in TV and film company’s and work your way up and learn from the people work there that are already sound engineer. Pay as much attention as you can and when there is a space available to be a sound engineer, apply for the position making sure you get good recommendations and references from the people you have been working with.


Creative:  3D Modeler

3D Modeler is a job within the film industry whose job is to create the animation for the 3D models. A 3D modeler will use programs such as Maya and 3DS Max to create the individual parts of a 3D model. These include parts like the rig which allows the over all structure of the 3D model to be easily moved using animation.

The salary of a 3D Modeler ranges from around £32500 to around £40000, this depends on the amount of experience and the overall rank of the specific 3D modeler. The amount of money earned can also depend how the employer has employed for example, if the 3D modeler is on a contract then they are paid a lump sum once the contract has been completed, however if the contract is completed to the deadline date then one will not get paid at all. However if they are employed to work with a yearly salary within a company for example, then they will get paid a set amount each few weeks depending on the work which is being produced is to the correct standard.

The skills required to be a 3D Modeler include impressive knowledge of certain programs such as 3DS Max and Maya, along with other programs such as  Photoshop. These are the most basic programs that a 3D modeler is required to know as without these then the most simple tasks will not even be able to be completed. For example, without a knowledge of Photoshop then textures of the 3D models will not be able to created to an exceptionable standard.

The progression route for a 3D modeler would start of in college by studying a few different course, these include Games Design along with Media or film studies. Then after college university is the best place to go, and study either 3D modeling or something very similar. However the jobs that can come from this vary quite impressively. For example, one who studied 3D Modeling in university could get a job in a variety of different sectors such as games design, film or even designer.

Editorial: Music Editor

A Music Editors role within the creative industry is to make sure that the audio for the specific product is correct and edited correctly. For example, a music editor will sample certain sounds and music for different parts of a movie. They make sure that everything is in the correct place and synced with the video. This includes things such as making sure that if someone is talking the voice is correctly in place so that it doesn't sound out of place and is synced with the mouth of the person talking.

The salary of a Music Editor on average is around at £40000 how this varies depending on the type of contract one is using. However this can increase or decrease depending on the amount of experience that the Music Editor has. Another variable that can change is how the editor has been employed for example, sometimes people are hired to work on a specific contract for example, if a movie needs the sound of guns and explosions to be added to the correct place they may offer someone a set amount of money to complete the contract by a specific date. However music editors can be hired for a company to always have, for example, large music studios and film studios hire music editors on a specific yearly salary.

The skills that are required can depend on the sector one is working in. The most basic skills required to be a music editor are impressive knowledge of programs which allow the editing and syncing of audio, along with the knowledge of the hardware required to record and capture the audio required. The more experienced the music editor is with the specific hardware and software change the amount of money one can earn.

The progression route for a music editor starts in college by doing either music or audio development. This will give the student the most basic knowledge about music editing and record. the next step would be either an apprenticeship within a recording studio or audio company or university to study, audio editing or recording etc. The jobs that can become available depend on the type of thing one studies in university. For example, if a student would rather work in a music studio then they may study music production. However if they wanted to edited and manage the audio within a movie for example they may study music editing overall.

Managerial: Project Manager

A Project Managers role is to make sure that the planning, execution and closing of any project they have been assigned has been managed correctly. For example, they will give the specific people the roles that they need in order to finish the project that the client has asked for. They will make sure that everyone is doing the specific task that has been set for them. This includes making sure that the specific parts of the task get handed in on the deadline date, this is one of the most important roles because if the team doesn't hit the deadlines then it could mean the the contract may be not be completed on time and therefore no-one will be paid.

The average salary for a Project Manager is around £40000 however can be as low as £10000 or as high as £140000. This once again depends on the experience and ability of the specific project manager. As more experienced project managers have more of an understand to how roles work and the amount of time certain tasks will take. Along with the project managers experience, things such as if they are hired to complete a specific contract or are full time can also change the amount of money earned.

The skills required to a be a successful Project Manager includes things such as leadership, good organisation and an impressive knowledge of what roles are required to complete certain tasks. This can change depending on what the client has asked for. Other skills required include things such as good moral which keeps the team happy and makes sure that a steady workload is being completed.

The progression route for a Project manager starts in college studying things such as english, maths, and business. These can all be very helpful factors to getting a job as a project manager. The next step would be university studying managing or business, something along those lines which would give the student an in-depth knowledge on management. However a student could also choose a specific role which would be used within a company and by experience work their way up to be come a project manager.

Administrative: Hardware and Software Technician 

The role of a Technician is to make sure that the hardware and software for all of the other jobs are working correctly. Other roles of a technician includes setting up and installing new hardware and software to make sure the clients needs can be solved. Along with those, they may also setup the networking side of the team, this would be to allow people to connect and work together over the network to get the projects completed more quickly and efficiently.

The average salary of a Technician is around £23000, however could be as high as £31700 or as low as £19000. The salary depends on the experience and specific role of course. For example, a technician working within a school wont get paid as much as someone working within  a media company. However a technician could be called out for a set task to setup a specific part of a network, hardware or software. Further more a technician could also be getting paid a yearly salary to make sure that a network within a company is working correctly all the time.

The skills required to be a technician are quite extensive, for example, they require a vast knowledge of computers along with hardware and software. Such skills such as networking aren't always required but could be very helpful for getting a more highly paid job. A good technician would be required to setup and install hardware and software needed, know a knowledge of installing new software and hardware is the most vital part of the job so more experienced technicians get more money.

The progression route for a Technician starts of at college, either by studying computer hardware, software development or computer science. Computer science is the best choice as it includes a small amount of each. However the next is university which can allow the student to choice a more direct approach to one or a slightly lesser knowledge of bot by studying computer science in higher education. The jobs that can come from this depend on the amount of knowledge that the student has. For example, being amazing at hardware and networking may get you a job to setup and configure servers and networks for companies to use. Whereas software and hardware may get you a job installing and configuring new hardware and software for your workplace.

Financial: Finance Director

 The role of a Finance Director is to make sure that the finances for the client/company are correct. This is mainly to manage the money for the company to make sure that everything is getting paid and income is correct. Without someone to manager the client finances then the company or studio may go bankrupt. Other things that the finance director does is make sure that if some piece of hardware or software is required then it is got. Other roles within the media industry come to the director to ask for a certain amount of money to buy a specific item. These include thing such as new hardware and software along with services that may need to bought to finish a specific project.

The salary for a finance director varies from around £50000 to £70000 however can be much more or less. This can also change depending on the experience of the director. For example, someone with only one year experience may only get £40000 whereas someone with ten years of experience in the field may earn £80000. Finance Directors almost always work on a specific salary and are not usally offered contract for a specific project. As it is much cheaper and the company always needs someone who is managing the companies money.

The skills that are required for a Finance Director include impressive maths skills along with a in-depth knowledge of Access and Excel to calculate and show the totals of money incoming and outgoing. A great knowledge of business will also make sure that the money is handled correctly as the director will know what to do and how to spend the money efficiently.

The route progression for becoming a finance director starts in college by studying maths and business. This will give the knowledge amount money. Also studying databases could be very helpful for getting the type of job. The next step is university studying both maths and business once again this will give a more in-depth knowledge of both of these subject which makes it even easier. However, the best route to take would probably be accounting, in both college and university as this gives the exact skills needed to get a job in finance.

Sales and marketing: Marketing Director

The role of a marketing director is to create short, mid and long term marketing plans to advertise the product effectively. This includes creating and executing marketing schemes to drive revenue and advertise the products to allow the largest amount of people to see it. Other responsibilities include managing other marketing staff which include hiring them and giving them specific roles to work on.

The average salary for a marketing director is between £55000 - £70000. This once again changes depending on the experience, however this effects the salary a lot more than other jobs because the better the marketing the more people will see your product. Other things that can change the salary include if the job is salary based or contract based, the difference is that a contract based job gets paid once the contract has been finished whereas the salary job is a constant pay throughout the year depending if one is doing the required tasks.

The skills required to be a marketing director include things such as leadership to make sure that your employees are working correctly and know exactly what they need to do. Other things include a professional however creative mind to think of bright and new ideas to drive the sales figures up. A small knowledge of accounting could also be helpful because it allows one to figure out if a marketing campaign will be successful or not.

The progression route for becoming a marketing director starts in college best studying media, as this will give a vast amount of knowledge about the way in which companies advertise there product. Th next step would probably be university studying advertisement or media. To gain an even more in-depth knowledge about advertising. Know a hugh amount of different obs can be gained by studying media throughout ones education.

 

MONOPOLY

What is the definition of a monopoly?

A monopoly is where a single person, company or brand name owns all or most of one certain type product. Monopoly is characterized by competition, which often results in high prices and inferior products. It lessens competition for people who want to start a business or small businesses in that area. Rupert Murdoch is an example of this and he owns most of the world’s media and Press Company’s. He owns most of the world’s media industries. There are not enough opportunities for smaller companies because of how big the larger company is. Monopoly Company’s income increases because of the amount the own and because the income is so high they can invest in almost anything if it will benefit the company. Companies that have a monopoly don’t tend to invest in to other businesses leaving a detrimental effect on the market.

Why is it important to ensure that no single media producer in the UK has a Monopoly?

We need to make sure that no single media producer in the UK has a Monopoly because there are people that are trying to make businesses in these certain areas where people have a monopoly and the people that are trying to make a new business can not because the competition is so hard because the monopoly companies will either win or if the companies idea is so good the monopoly company will just buy the other company out with an offer they cant refuse. So if more companies try to open up in the same sector as the monopoly company it will give the other company an unfair chance.

Why is consumer choice important?

Consumer Choice is how the consumer is getting the right of choice of how they purchases the product an example of this is Samsung or Apple. They make a wide range of music devises but when other companies start creating the same things and trying to compete with them they make more of a range people can buy such as TV’s, Computers. This is how it gives their consumers more choice range from them to buy from.

What is the definition of censorship?

Censorship is the withholding of explicit speech or other public communication. Which may be considered offensive, harmful, sensitive, politically incorrect or inconvenient as determined by a government, media outlet or other controlling body. The ASA (Advertising Standards Authority) Controls the censorship of advertisements in the UK and the BBFC (British Board of Film Classification) who regulate censorship in films.

This is a band advertisement by Levis because it shows people playing with fire works and this is classed as dangerous. The people playing with the fireworks look like teenagers. Also it was banned because this advertisement was put out during the times of the London rioting and people in the riots were shooting fire works at people

China’s Censorship

Chinas censorship is very strict especially on the internet with Facebook and twitter as they have there own version of Facebook and twitter where millions of people are employed to monitor people activity and make sure they don’t put anything people of the countries government could find offensive. If they speak badly of the country they will get banned from the site straight away.

What are the arguments for and against censorship?

Censorship is there to protect the eyes of younger children from seeing things that are of e.g. a sexual or a violent nature. Here is a debate on censorship http://www.debate.org/debates/Censorship/3/ I myself agree with having censorship becasue if it was a voilent website or advert I would not want young children to be looking at it as it might give them ideas to become violent and there has been times where young children play 18+ games and think they can act it out at school and this is how I believe fights starts in school. The argument against censorship is that people want to express the freedom of the UK according to this website which is trying to campaign against it http://www.dlas.org.uk/ They want people to portrate anything on advertisment how every they want. Personally I disagree with this.  

Why should under 18's be subject to particular considerations by regulators?

Under 18's undergo many exceptions to the rules set in place by regulatory bodies. This is due to many rules in the media industry regarding under 18's. This is because someone under the age of 18 is not classed as an actual adult therefore needs to be protected according to differetn acts set in place. These come into many things such as data protection and privacy. Under 18's need to be protected to a degree within media sector due to being classed as a child or a young person. In regards to censorship , minors cannot be portrayed negatively This is due to discrimination. Also advertisements for alcohol have to be intentionally not aimed at minors. This means young people cannot be used or encouraged to consume alcohol during and advertisement or publication.