Take Over:
This is where a company takes over another company because the company is expanding or one company has went bankrupt and another company is buying in to it.
Merger:
This is where two company's combine into one larger company. This is used so that the company can make more money and have more power. e.g. Loyds TSB. Loyds and TSB were two separate banks at one point and then because they wanted to expand and become a large company they combined into one larger company. This doesn't always work out in the end as now in 2013 Loyds TSB are no longer one large bank as TSB has started to become its own independent bank now.
Vertical Integration:
Vertical Integration is where a company expands its business into areas, that are at different points of the same production path. This is how company's become larger company's be adding or buying more smaller company to work for them that are in the same line of business.
Horizontal Integration:
When a company expands its business into different products that are similar to current lines. This is slightly similar to Vertical Integration as this is also where company's can buy into other company with a similar line of business.
Globalization:
This is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increasing trade and cultural exchange.
Tuesday, 15 October 2013
Media Conglomerate
A media conglomerate is a media company that owns large number of different company's inside of one giant company such as Virgin. Who is owned by Richard Branson. Inside of his large company he owns many smaller businesses that have the virgin brand on. Such as Virgin air for his plains and Virgin Space where you can actually travel in to space. There is also Virgin media. The TV and Broadband service you can buy. This is one type of TV subscription. Another example of a media conglomerate is the company sky owned by Rupert Murdock. His company is very similar to Virgin. Sky has its own TV and broadband subscription service as well. Also media conglomerates strive for policies that facilitate their control of the markets around the world. So that they can keep in power and keep making more money.
Public and Private Ownership
Public ownership:
Public ownership is like for company's such as the BBC where they have everything paid for by the public. You pay for the BBC with your TV licence. The money that you pay for your TV licence goes onto different sectors in the BBC. Such as TV and radio. This is why you don't see adverts in-between programs because it is paid for by you and the BBC don't need to put adverts on because all of there money comes from the TV licences.
Private ownership is vary different from public ownership as all of the money for private comes from advertisements and sponsorship. Such as E4 and ITV, between every program there will be advertisements for products. This is how they fund there company and keep it going. Another way that private ownership make money is through the sales of TV subscriptions, some of the channels you have to subscribe for and the money that you pay to subscribe to these channels, some of the money will go to the TV subscription company and the rest to the TV Channel company so they can stay working.
Public ownership is like for company's such as the BBC where they have everything paid for by the public. You pay for the BBC with your TV licence. The money that you pay for your TV licence goes onto different sectors in the BBC. Such as TV and radio. This is why you don't see adverts in-between programs because it is paid for by you and the BBC don't need to put adverts on because all of there money comes from the TV licences.
Private ownership:
Different sources of Income
Downloads
Music,
film, TV and apps can all be downloaded off the internet or iTunes directly to
your computer files or even your mobile phone. There are several different
services you can download these from such as iTunes, iPlayer, Amazon and
Netflix you can also download and stream straight from a TV subscription provider’s
box that they provide you with such as Sky, Virgin and Talk Talk.
Advertisers
Advertising
is everywhere; on billboards, TV, Games, the cinema and in magazines. Advertising
is no doubt the biggest source of income for the media industry. Advertising is
everywhere in games, in movies, TV and also music. One form of adverting is
called product placement this is where they place a product of some sort into a
film or TV show and also this can be done in games and music, such as on some
games there are different products on billboards around the game also it can be
used in music by adding the word of the product into the lyrics.
Sponsorship
Sponsorship
can be found on things such as TV programmes before they start such as The
Simpsons a few years ago used to be sponsored by Domino’s Pizza. There are many
different types of sponsorships it is not just food and restaurants it can be
any type of company such as Talk Talk sponsors The X factor. They mainly put sponsorships
on the successful TV shows as this will help the company get the most business
for the product.
Product Placement
Product Placement
can be found in almost any TV sitcom or movie. This helps the movie make more
money or this will give the movie company more money to make there movie with
just by adding in a company’s product. It is mainly phones that you can see it
in within the movie. As you may see a lot of the actors with iPhones and also
it can be seen in cars. There are many products that can be used in product
placement such as clothing, computers, phones and cars. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtOV7bp-gys
Robbie Williams Music Video Candy can be seen to have a lot of product
placement, the first one I noticed was his shoes as he is wearing Nike blazers
and the other product placement I noticed was both of the main characters have
Samsung Galaxy S3's in the hands.
BBC Licence Fee (TV Licence)
Every
year you have to pay for your TV license if you own a TV and are over the age
of 18. This goes straight to the BBC and is spared out amongst the different sectors
that the BBC owns. A TV license costs £145.50 for a colour TV and if you are
under 74. It is £49.00 for a black and white TV. If you are over the age of 74
you can apply for a free TV license but you might not be accepted until you are
of the age 75. Finally if you are registered blind or severely sight impaired
you can get a TV license for £72.75 for colour and £24.50 for black and white.
If you do not pay for your TV license you can be fined up to £1,000 and have
your TV took from you. When you pay for your TV license the money is split into
4 different BBC services. £95.52 goes onto TV, £25.32 goes onto Radio, £7.92
goes into online and £16.80 goes onto other services like paying jobs etc.
Cinema Box Office
When
films are made, they are put into the cinema so that members of the public can
go see them. When the public go and see the movie, the money that they spend to
go to the cinema goes back to the cinema for showing the movie and some of the
money goes to the company and director that made the movie. Where it say box
office that is how much the film made within the first few weeks of it being
out.
· Franchisers, Formats
Franchises,
Formats is where someone buys the rights to part of a company to either have
something to do with that company. If they buy the rights to a shop they can
open one of them shops in a space they own. The company they have bought rights
from can give them all the equipment to start the company off. Such as the
product that they sell or some pens and cups with the company’s brand on. This
can help make more money for the company as well as the people who wanted to independently
start the business.
CD and DVD sales
When CD's
and DVD's are sold some of the money goes to where it has been sold from and
some of the money goes to the company or director who made the movie or piece
of music. This is the same when you buy the movies or music from iTunes or
Amazon. The money is also split between the company selling and the artist of
the music or movie. When the DVD's and CD's are sold in the shops almost all of
the money will go to the shop as they would of bought a number of boxes of the
product to sell to the public off the company that has produced the DVD or CD.
DVD rental
This is
very similar to CD and DVD sales as when you rent a DVD from a shop some of the
money goes to the shop and some of the money will also go to the company or
director that has made the DVD. Also there are not just games rented out there
are also games that people can rent out. Some times with some of the rental
stores they buy the rights to the DVD's that they will be renting out so that
the shop will get all of the money made from renting it out to the public.
Television subscriptions
There are
lots of different services out there for Television subscription such as Sky,
Virgin Media and Talk Talk. These TV subscriptions can get you more channels
that you need to pay for to keep them running. When you pay for TV
subscriptions you can also get HD channels and you can also get different
programmes on demand.
· Merchandise
Merchandise
can be bought for almost anything such as Games, TV, Films and music. They can
be bought online from the company’s whose make the products. It can also can be
sold be shops if they buy the rights to that product to sell. Merchandise can
also be used for advertising like when a peace of merchandise is used in a film
or TV programme. This is called product placement. The merchandise is also
advertised on the TV so that members of the public can buy it.
Premium Telephone lines
Premium
Telephone lines are mainly used in radio when people can call in and talk to
the presenter whether it is to request a song or to enter a quiz. Premium
Telephone lines are also used on TV such as X factor where people have to ring
in or text in to keep their favourite contestant in the show. These normally
cost over £1 to ring and to vote and if you are on the radio it normally costs
about 50p a minute and then also your standard network rate.
Licensing; 'intellectual
property'
Licensing is where you can buy a
product to own it yourself, so if you bought an editing software e.g. Adobe
Photoshop, you would buy the product first and that would come with the
license, but if you lost the license you would have to purchase another license
to be able to continue using the software. There are many different licenses in
the media industry such as a TV license and broadcasting licence. If they
bought a broadcasting licence they would be able to make money from broadcasting
TV programmes and movies.
Monday, 14 October 2013
Advertising
Advertising is a form of communication intended to persuade an audience to take some action, usually to purchase or consume a product or service. It is totally focussed on the client and the client's marketing or advertising need for a brand or product. It crosses multiple platforms from broadcast, print, billboard and online.
It is a sector which leads the way with cross-platform innovation as campaigns cross boundaries between TV, radio, print, billboard and interactive media. Job roles within advertising are varied and include copywriting, creative, media planning and buying, account management, production and client services.
There are around 13,000 business in the sector who produce £6.2 billion of the UK GVA annually. Around 70% of the industry is based in London, with the north west having the second largest concentration at 6%. It is a young industry with 47% under 34. 46% of the workforce is female and only 6% is from black, asian or ethnic minorities (source: Creative and Cultural Skills, 2007). It's importance as a sector to the broadcast and print industries are crucial. Advertising funds 75% of commercial television, 95% of national press, 80% of magazines, and 95% of commercial radio. Without advertising revenue the quality and quantity of programming and editorial would suffer (Source: IPA, 2008).
Most people in advertising fall into five departments: •Account Services - who liaise with clients and maintain their relationship. •Creatives - who generate the ideas and concepts for a campaign. This may be for one platform or across multiple platforms. •Production - this team moves the ideas from the creative concept into reality. Some of the larger advertisers may have these services in house, but the majority of agencies will need to have good contacts with production companies and facilities houses. •Media - the media planners work with the different elements of the media that advertising crosses. This department organises where the campaign will be seen to create the maximum effect. •Other Services - these may include researchers, interns (who may work across several departments) and a traffic department which looks at the flow of the agencies work.
Radio
During the 1860's, Scottish Physicist James Clerk Maxwell predicted the existence of radio waves. And in 1886 the German Physicist Heinrich Rudolph Hertz demonstrated that rapid variations of electric current could be projected into space in the form of radio waves similar to those of light and heat. In 1866, Mahlon Loomis, an American dentist, successfully demonstrated "wireless telegraphy." Loomis was able to make a meter connected to one kite cause another one to move, marking the first known instance of wireless aerial communication. Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian inventor, proved the feasibility of radio communication. He sent and received his first radio signal in Italy in 1895. By 1899 he flashed the first wireless signal across the English Channel and two years later received the letter "S", telegraphed from England to Newfoundland. This was the first successful transatlantic radiotelegraph message in 1902.
Radio operators fall into three broad categories: publicly-funded radio, commercial radio and the community and voluntary radio sector - from well-established student and hospital radio to the most recently licensed community radio stations. The industry has been growing steadily in recent years and now employs over 22,000 people (more than terrestrial TV) in a wide range of occupations. Employers range in size from the BBC and larger commercial radio groups to not-for-profit community radio stations run mainly by volunteers.
Photo Imaging
The total Photo Imaging workforce comprises around 43,100 people. 51% of these are based in the south of England, with the largest proportion - some 38% - in London and the South East. The rest of the workforce is spread throughout Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and the remaining regions of England, with the highest concentrations in the South West (13%) and the East of England (12%). The Photo Imaging industry is made up of 8,700 companies, two thirds (68%) of which are sole trading or freelance photographers. The remaining companies can be broadly divided into the following categories: •Image producers (including laboratories and minilabs) •Photo retail •Picture libraries and agencies •Manufacturers •Support services (e.g. equipment hire and repair)
Publishing
Publishing is made up of a variety of industurys including; Books, Newspapers, Magazines, Directories, Mailing Lists, Journals, Business Media, News Agencies and various other information services. From printed words to online, the occupations and roles in this industury are varied and many people are involved. Whether a Journalist,commissioning editor, designer or Advertising executive, multimedia formats mean the industury is an excting time at the moment and a subject to rapid change.
Famous publisers include: - Books (Collins, Ladybird, Puffin, BBC Books) - Magazines (Conde Nast,Jacyln. B. Jarret) - Newspapers (Guardian, Eddy Harnstein) The publishing Industury generates a turnover in the reigon of £10.1 billion GVA (Gross Value Added) and is one of the biggest earners and exporters for the UK Creative Media Industurys. The industry consists of a majority of small companies: 88% of them having less than 10 employees. Yet the 3% with 200 or more employees have over half of all those working in the industry on their payroll. The main geographical area of employment is London and the South East. The East of England is next, followed by the South West, Scotland and the North West. In Wales and Northern Ireland the sector is predominately made up of small publishers and news media.
Interactive Meda
The interactive media industry is a very fluid sector with many overlaps with, and blurred distinctions between, other sectors. In particular, as interactive media products become more sophisticated, their development increasingly has greater overlap with the software and IT sector. As convergence gathers pace, the boundaries between interactive media and other forms of digital media become yet more blurred - particularly as television broadcasters look to multi-platform, ‘360 degree' commissioning models.
In a rapidly evolving industry, any definition of it risks quickly becoming out of date.Interactive media itself is a vague and often misunderstood term. We must look not just at what the sector does and who does it, but also at other stakeholders who operate in the grey area at its fringes, as well as considering those who use its products. The market for interactive media contributes to a number of significantly larger markets. This is taking into account those who enable it, buy from it and, in turn, are enabled or supported by it.
The biggest of these are e-commerce and online advertising. The UK's interactive media industry is worth several billion pounds annually, but its products support a far larger economy.Definition of the sector is difficult not only because of the pace of change, but also because there are many companies and individuals involved in interactive media who more accurately fit within other sectors. In many ways it is not so much a sector as a discipline, as its creation and use is increasingly becoming part of everyday activity across all sectors of industry in general.
Gaming
The first games were launched in the 1960s. By the 1970s there was a recognised Games Industry with video arcades and home entertainment consoles. Home computing got big in the 1980s and brought a period of huge expansion and creative innovation. Games became an industry, and moved away from 2 or 3 talented, devoted creative “mavericks” being responsible for every aspect of a project. Developing top of the range Computer Game titles now involves large teams of people, and costs millions of pounds.
It begins with market research and development in national and international operations. Teams of people then work to produce design documents from which all the elements that make up the final game are drawn and which sets down all possible paths the games can take players and any of the mechanics of actual gameplay that are relevant. If the game has story or narrative elements scripting and storyboarding also takes place.
Working from this design document the technical aspects of the game are decided and the game code, animation, graphics audio production and special effects follow. The application of the technical expertise then turns the creative products into paths for gamers to enjoy. Teams work on the projects in a system of production much like producing a movie. Like movies the risk is great – the game may not grab audiences, the investors may lose money.
But like movies, Games can be successful globally, and the profit margin per unit can be far more than that per viewer for movies. Like movies games often feature well known franchises and blockbuster sequels which greatly enhance the commercial success of the sector. Sales of entertainment software outstrip the video rental market and cinema box office spending, and the growth in the software and hardware market is set to go on rising. More games are being purchased worldwide and UK companies are contributing to that success.
Animation
The animation Industury in the UK consists of a large workforce that stretches across many of the in the creative media industries. You will find animated content on television, in feature films, commercials, websites and computer or video games. Just over 2000 people work in animation in the UK, half of them freelance, and there are currently more than 300 companies producing a range of work. Animation is a relatively small sector that is growing in success and popularity. Flexible scheduling by broadcasters has increased opportunities for animators and the internet provides another platform for short and experimental work. Big-budget features such as Toy Story have enjoyed great commercial success and 2002 saw the introduction of the first ever Oscar for an animated feature, won by Dreamwork’s Shrek.
The Animation Sector is divided into four main sectors: •2D drawn or traditional; •2D computer generated •stop frame; and •3D computer generated. Most companies will concentrate on one discipline and but some studios do all four. There are a wide range of freelance, some contract, and some more permanent jobs in animation. These can be found at small production companies, larger studios, computer generated post production facility houses and at computer games developers or interactive media designers.
Animation is extremely expensive to make, labour intensive and time consuming and it can take up to two years to create and produce just 30 mintues of animation.This has placed a heavy emphasis on good project management and good teamwork; the skills shortages in this sector reflect the need for people who can adapt to busy production schedules. But balanced against this is the popularity of animation and the fact that it can easily be translated into other languages, for worldwide sales. Budgets for animated features may be in excess of $60 million, but the sale of products, such as books and toys, plus the potential for high box office returns, can usually more than compensate for the initial investment.
The UK has an excellent reputation for creativity and technology, but high production costs mean that less than 5% of the animation currently seen on our TV screens originated here. But unlike some other sectors in the creative media industries, animation has a number of distinct and highly successful centres of excellence outside London; including Bristol, Manchester and Dundee. Most of the money spent on animation is associated with the advertising industry and competition for commissions is fierce. But the UK also leads the world in the production of pre-school storytelling and design, and this area continues to attract investors. Other products include: •feature films •children’s programmes •games •music promos •titles and idents •CD-Roms (for educational purposes) •adult comedy and drama.
Film
Film
The UK's film industury is part of a constantly evolving creative media landscape. When talking about the film industury, we refer to it in six seperate parts: Development, Production, Facilites, Distribution, Exhibition and Export. The nature of the industury means production companies are often set up for specific production companies are usually set up for a specific production and the shut down The latest research shows there are around 400 'permanent'(registered) companies in the film industry, this figure varies depending on the number of productions being worked on at any one time.
Of the companies existing today, we can say approximately 43% are production, 13% are distribution and the remaining 44% are exhibition companies.In 2006, the UK film industry contributed £4.3 billion to the UK economy, up from £3.1 billion in 2004. The UK industry is an independent creator of feature films, a co-production partner and a provider of services to the international film industry. In 2007, UK production activity was £747 million, making it the fourth highest production year on record.
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